Essay on PSCI 150 Fall 2014 Syllabus 1 - 2018 Words

POLITICAL SCIENCE 150: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Fall 2014 Mondays and Wednesdays 10am Stiteler Hall B6 Office Hours: Mondays 1:30-3:30pm or by appointment Professor Jessica Stanton Office: Stiteler Hall 214 Phone: (215) 898-7646 Email: jstan@sas.upenn.edu HEAD TEACHING ASSISTANT Ruolin Su suruolin@sas.upenn.edu TEACHING ASSISTANTS Julia Cramer Patrick O’Halloran Javier Revelo-Rebolledo Jeremy Springman cramerju@sas.upenn.edu pohal@sas.upenn.edu jrev@sas.upenn.edu jspr@sas.upenn.edu COURSE DESCRIPTION This course is an introductory course, surveying major issues in international politics. The first section of the course provides an overview of the main theoretical approaches to understanding†¦show more content†¦Norton Company, 2014). NOTE: We will be using the fifth edition of this book, which was published in 2014. The editors have made revisions to this edition and a number of the readings required for the course are not included in earlier editions. All other required readings for the course are articles or book chapters, which can be downloaded and printed from the Canvas site for the course. If you prefer not to download and print each individual article from Canvas, you may purchase a course pack instead. The course pack includes all of the assigned articles that are not included in the Mingst and Snyder text. It is available for purchase at the Campus Copy Center, 3907 Walnut Street. 2 SECTION I: THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS WEEK 1 August 27: Introduction and course logistics WEEK 2 September 3: Anarchy and Realist Approaches to International Relations Jack Snyder, â€Å"One World, Rival Theories,† in Mingst Snyder, pp. 2-10. Hans Morgenthau, â€Å"A Realist Theory of International Politics and Political Power,† in Mingst Snyder, pp. 32-36. John Mearsheimer, â€Å"Anarchy and the Struggle for Power,† in Mingst Snyder, pp. 37-56. Thucydides, â€Å"Melian Dialogue,† in Mingst Snyder, pp. 11-12. WEEK 3 September 8: Neoliberal Institutionalism Prospects for Cooperation under Anarchy Robert O. Keohane, â€Å"From After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy,† in Mingst Snyder, pp. 338-354. John Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False

The Harm and Causes of Noise Pollution Free Essays

string(101) " have taken noise pollution as a serious matter and taken action to try and control noise pollution\." As a Kansas local, I am lucky to live in the country, where exposure to noise is usually under my own control. On a normal day, the average decibel rating on my front porch is 37 decibels. Even on a day when farm equipment can be heard off in the distance, the top decibel reading I have taken at my home is 47 decibels. We will write a custom essay sample on The Harm and Causes of Noise Pollution or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is not the case in Lawrence, Kansas. Lawrence is affected by noise pollution, just like all cities. The main sources of noise pollution are cars and trucks, construction sites, entertainment spots, and other industrial noise. These sources of noise effect different people in different ways. They also effect animals, that live in Lawrence, and other cities. This is due to how close we are to the noise, and how long we are exposed. Due to this, Lawrence has created noise ordinances in order to help lessen the issue. Living in a family with several hearing professionals, I learned at an early age about hearing protection, and how sound is measured. The term decibel (dB) is used to a measure and explain the intensity of a sound. It is measured on a logarithmic scale starting at 0 dB. Zero decibels is nearly complete silence. The way sound is measured is sometimes difficult to understand because a sound 10 times more powerful than silence is rated at 10 dB; and a sound 100 times more powerful than silence is rated at 20 dB. This continues as a sound 1000 times more powerful is rated at 30 decibels and the follows the same pattern. I find the best way to explain it is using real world examples. I took the following decibel readings as examples: 20 dB – Wind through the trees 33 dB – Water moving is a stream 52 dB – A truck passing on a gravel road 57 dB – People talking indoors 69 dB – A running shower 92 dB – Lawn tractor 114 db – Full size farm tractor 126 dB – Kansas Men’s Basketball Game at Allen Field House 157 dB – 20 gauge shotgun The biggest problem with noise pollution is that it is part of almost everything we do, and it can’t be eliminated entirely. Industrial machines, construction equipment, items used for music and entertainment, and even children’s toys are part the overall level of noise pollution. Noise can be lessened in most instances, or can be isolated to places where the distractions and impact are minimal. This is why most areas have zoning laws that make industrial plants locate outside of areas where populations typically live. The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, a website sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health ; Human Services, lists 70 decibels as the noise level where sound becomes damaging to humans and other living things. The immediate volume of noise does not always matter, as damage can also happen from prolonged, or accrued, exposure. Karl Kryter, a noted author on the subject of noise induced hearing loss, reports that â€Å"exposure exceeding eight hours of noise exceeding eighty-five decibels is hazardous and can result in the loss of hearing†. At my home outside the city in more rural Douglas County, I am approximately 11 miles from the KU campus. The sounds I hear when I am at home are completely different from those I hear when I go to school, or when I visit Lawrence. Our family home is a ranch style so it is all on one level. To get to the front door you have to step up onto a very large covered deck, and at one end, past the front door, is a white porch swing. I sit in that porch swing to relax and study any day when the weather permits. I close my eyes as I rock back and forth, and I listen to the wind moving through the trees that line our driveway. I can hear the chickens in our chicken coop right around the corner from where I sit. They coo and talk to each other, sometimes flapping their wings to get up on top of the coop. I also hear Sophie and Sally, our two Nigerian Pygmy goats playing. They love to climb on the wooden structure my dad built for them, and I can hear their hooves hitting the wooden deck as they jump on and off chasing each other. Their bleating as they communicate with each other truly makes me smile. I cannot imagine not being able to hear the sounds than I love. When I go into Lawrence, I am faced with completely different sounds than at home. As an example, downtown Lawrence averages a decibel reading of about 70 decibels during an average workday. I measured a low of 42 dB and a high of 91 dB when delivery trucks were nearby. These are generally lower than what would be expected for an â€Å"urban environment† as Lawrence is not a large city. Noise can have several negative effects on human beings, and other animals. Of all the possible impacts, permanent hearing loss is the biggest. This could be partial or even total hearing loss. In her 2017 article â€Å"Healthy Hearing,† Brandy Plotnick reported, â€Å"an estimated sixteen million workers in the US factories miss work every year due to complications resulting from noise pollution, and estimates place the impact at a four billion dollar loss to the U.S. economy†. Interestingly enough, noise receives the least attention of environmental pollutants. Noise pollution is invisible, and this fact contributes to the lack of understanding to the dangers. Noise pollution negatively impacts the quality of life for people living in urban environments at a higher degree, due to their proximity to industries, transportation, airplanes overhead, and the larger number of entertainment venues. Worldwide, these large population centers usually have a large number of people living in close proximity to each other. Several countries, however, have taken noise pollution as a serious matter and taken action to try and control noise pollution. You read "The Harm and Causes of Noise Pollution" in category "Papers" The United States Government, for example, created the Occupational Safety ; Health Administration (OSHA) to protect workers from job related safety issues, including those that can cause noise induced hearing loss due to exposure. The European Union requires noise maps for cities in order to control the exposure of the population to excessive noise. The Netherlands does not allow construction of houses for human inhabitation in areas where the average noise in every twenty-four hours goes above 50 decibels. The Noise Act of Great Britain empowers law enforcement and local authorities to confiscate all noisy equipment and charge fines to people making too much noise at night. The Noise Act of the Great Britain also requires developers to install porous asphalt technology with the capacity to lower traffic noise by up to five decibels (Stansfield et al). One of the largest negative impact of noise pollution is noise induced hearing loss (NIDL). In order to understand how noise induced hearing loss happens, we first need to understand how we hear. The shape of our outer ear funnels sound into the ear canal and towards the eardrum. The eardrum (tympanic membrane) vibrates due to the sound and sends vibrations to the three tiny bones in the middle ear. These three bones are called the hammer (malleus), the anvil (incus) and the stirrup (stapes); and theyamplify the vibrations and send them to the inner ear (cochlea). Inside the cochlea are tiny hair-like cells. These cells react to the vibrations by releasing neurochemical messengers that turn the sound waves into electrical signals. The auditory nerve then carries the electrical signals to the brain, where they are translated into sound. When we are exposed to single loud noises, or when we are exposed to noise levels of 70 dB or above for an extended period of time, the hair-like cells inside our inner ear are damaged. Over time, they can die, and our body does not have the ability to regenerate these cells. This noise induced hearing loss can cause loss of hearing in certain frequency ranges, or our ability to hear altogether. (Kryter) Noise pollution has also been proven to cause negative psychological effects on humans and other animals. Among these is anxiety and nervous tension, loss of appetite, headaches, and issues with the pituitary gland. Increased exposure to noise pollution also can affect muscles and other internal organs by increasing inflammation of the nerve cells. The negative effects noise exposure can have on individuals has caused increased interest in noise pollution and ideas meant to protect the populations from excessive noise pollution (Atamca et al.). The City of Lawrence, Kansas has made several attempts to lessen the effects of noise pollution on the local residents. Among these measures is the Lawrence noise ordinance, â€Å"Loud and Unnecessary Noise Prohibition of the Nuisance Act.† According to the noise ordinance, â€Å"it is unlawful for any person to make, allow or continue to make any unnecessary, excessive, loud and unusual noise which endangers the comfort of others, creates a nuisance, injuries, repose or affects the safety of other people. Noise interfering with the enjoyment of property of any person of reasonable sensibilities residing in or occupying the area is prohibited, unless the making or continuation in the making of such noise is necessary for the protection and preservation of the said property or the health and safety of an individual†. The act specifically declares certain activities as nuisance noise, and a violation of this section, making them unlawful. These items are, â€Å"the playing of any radio device, musical instrument sound amplifier and a similar device that amplifies sound in such a manner or intensity to annoy, cause distress, disturb the quiet, repose and comfort of a person of reasonable sensibilities within the vicinity or hearing range of the said noise. Steam whistles, the blowing of steam whistles attached to any stationary boiler except when being used to give notice of the opening and closing of an institution or establishment, or indicating initiation and end of work or give warning† (Noise Ordinance). Although the ordinance was most recently published in 2017, it is clear from the items included that it has not been updated for many years. Brian Jimenez, Code Enforcement Manager for the City of Lawrence Kansas stated to me â€Å"the regulations have not kept up with population changes or advancements in technology†. Instead of references to decibel readings, the ordinance classifies any noise from a stationary source as either loud, unnecessary or unusual as unlawful â€Å"as prohibited by the ordinance†. In doing some research for this speech, I took average decibel readings in several locations in Lawrence. These readings were taken Downtown (9th and New Hampshire), South (31st ; Iowa), Northwest (6th and Wakarusa) and on campus outside of Allen Fieldhouse. Each location was measured over a 3-hour period using an electronic dosimeter loaned to me by my father. The dosimeter measured levels constantly and provided data: Downtown South Northwest Campus High dB Rdg. 102 91 87 92 Low dB Rdg 67 58 55 51 Avg dB for 3 hrs 83 79 72 71 Observations Construction and traffic Siren, traffic Traffic noise Police sirens. Overall lowest Due primarily to traffic and construction noise, each of the four locations demonstrated an average decibel rating over 70 decibels. While it takes a higher level to cause immediate damage, constant exposure at these levels can become an issue. The high readings in each location were enough to cause damage, and the construction noise in downtown Lawrence is reaching dangerous levels at the peak measurements. While the City of Lawrence has made positive strives, in working to control noise pollution, there is still a lot that could be done. A big one is controlling of noise from construction activities. Construction, not like industrial activities, is not confined to specific locations. Construction takes places in commercial, industrial and even residential areas depending on the job. Construction can also involves the use of large machinery, resulting in noise pollution whose intensity changes based on the type of machinery used and the activity. Workers inside construction sites are usually protected using OSHA mandated personal hearing protection like earplugs or ear muffs, however, people living near the construction site are exposed to the high noise levels. While taking readings on the sidewalk across the street from a construction site in downtown Lawrence recently, over a 30- minute period, decibel levels reached a high of 91 decibels with an average of 83 decibels. This tells me that the city could protect its residents better by creating an ordinance regulating noise from construction sites. Contractors could be required to take decibel measurements and lessen the noise that comes from machinery they use. Sound dampening technology is available today and there are cities where the requirements already exist. Another area where the City of Lawrence can intervene is by regulating the level of noise coming from entertainment businesses. Over the last few years, Lawrence has allowed the building of quite a few downtown apartment buildings. Many are on New Hampshire Street where there are quite a few bars and restaurants featuring live music. These businesses add to the character and personality of Lawrence, but noise coming from them puts the hearing health of the people living in the neighborhood at risk. As an example, on a recent Friday evening I took decibel readings outside of the â€Å"Bottleneck,† a local bar with live music. Normal readings with the doors closed were just under 65 decibels, but the decibel levels jumped to over 100 decibels (averaged 102 dB) every time the doors opened. This is an unknown danger for the people living or even just walking nearby. Even across the street, the decibel level was higher than 85 decibels at times. The most important thing we can do to reduce the damage of noise pollution is to educate the population. While most of us understand that very loud noises can harm us, the majority don’t realize that lower noises over a period of time can actually be more harmful. There are several apps available for both Apple and Android phones, which measure decibel levels and provide the information for our own personal protection. I would encourage each of you to download one and look at the sounds you are exposed to in your own life. By measuring your own personal exposure, and understanding when hearing protection is beneficial, we can all reduce the chance of noise induced hearing loss. Works Cited Atmaca, E, et al. â€Å"Industrial Noise and Its Effects on Humans.†Ã‚  Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 14.6, 2005. Jimenez, Brian. Personal Interview. November 17, 2017 â€Å"Kansas Noise Ordinance 2017.†Ã‚  City of Lawrence, KS, City of Lawrence, KS, 2017, lawrenceks.org/police/noise-problems/. Kryter, Karl D.  The Effects of Noise on Man. Elsevier, 2013. â€Å"Noise Induced Hearing Loss.†Ã‚  National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2017, www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss. â€Å"Noise Induced Hearing Loss.†Ã‚  National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2017, Web www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss. Plotnick, Brande. â€Å"Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL).†Ã‚  Healthy Hearing, Healthy Hearing, 11 May 2017, www.healthyhearing.com/help/hearing-loss/noise. Stansfield, Stephen A, and Mark P Matheson. â€Å"Noise Pollution: Non-Auditory Effects on Health.†Ã‚  British Medical Bulletin, vol. 68.0, 2003, pp. 243–257. How to cite The Harm and Causes of Noise Pollution, Papers

Jiminy Cricket & Pinnochios Travel Through Time, Learning About The Hi

Jiminy Cricket & Pinnochios Travel Through Time, Learning About The History Of The English Language As most know, Pinocchio is a very curious boy. And, being fairly new to the world, Pinocchio is learning new things everyday. But besides learning how fast cars go and why bees sting, Pinocchio is learning new words everyday. And it was one day Pinocchio asked his good pal Jimminy Cricket, ?Where do all these words come from ?There are thousands of words in our English language and they all come from different places and different people,? replied Jimminy. ?Like who ?I can't explain it all Pinocchio. You will just have to see for yourself!? And so Jimminy Cricket decided to take Pinocchio on a travel through time to show him exactly how the English language developed! ?Where are we Jimminy ?We are in Britain. It was here, around 400 B.C. that ancient Indians called the Celts arrived. The Celts were farmers who lived in Britain alone until the Romans came in 43 A.D. Artorius, the Celtic chief, tried to hold the Romans off but was unsuccessful.? ?So who won Britain Pinocchio asked with a confused look on his face. ?Nobody won Britain. The Celts and the Romans both lived in Britain until 410 A.D when the Romans were called back to Rome. However, when the Romans left, a new tribe called the Pics decided that they wanted the land in Britain.? ?Did the Pics win Britain ?No, the Pics didn't win Britain either. With the Romans gone, the Celts needed help defending their land. So, the Celts invited Anglo-Saxon soldiers from Germany to Britain to help them fight off the Pics. However, when the Anglo-Saxons arrived in Britain. They decided that they too wanted the land for themselves,? explained Jimminy. ?This land must have been great if three tribes wanted it bad enough to fight over!? ?Must have been,? exclaimed Jimminy, ?because not only did the Pics and Anglo-Saxons want the Britain land, but three other tribes also wanted the land and attacked the Celts.? ?Which tribes were they ?The other tribes were the Anglens from Denmark, the Jutes from Denmark, and the Frisians from Holand.? ?What did the Celts do with these tribes attacking them ?The Celts all spilt up and went to different places. Some went to Ireland, some went to France and founded Britainy, and some went to Whales where they dug the Great Ditch. The Great Ditch was a border between Whales and England that the Celts used to keep the enemies out of Whales.? ?This all sounds exciting,? said Pinocchio, ?but what does this have anything to do with the English language ?Well Pinocchio, when the Anglo-Saxons invaded Britain they brought their German language with them. The Anglo-Saxons German language contributed two characteristics to our English language. One is the use of alliteration. Alliteration is a sentence or phrase with the same sound at the beginning of the words. For example, sally sold sea snails would be an alliteration because of the s sound at the beginning of each word. The other one is the use of kennings. A kenning is when two words are put together to make one word. An example of a kenning would be the word hair and the word brush to make the word hairbrush. Also, the German language is Old English and 90% of basic building block words used today are Old English. But the German language was mostly a spoken language, not a written language. Let's travel to 597 A.D. when language was first put in writing. ?Here we are Pinocchio. We are now in 597 A.D., when the conversion to Christianity took place. The conversion to Christianity started when a monk named Augustine was sent by the Pope to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England to Christians.? ?Did Augustine speak German asked Pinocchio. ?No, monks spoke Latin. From the Latin language we got words like alter and psalm.? ?Aren't those words used mostly in the bible ?Yes they are. You see Pinocchio, the English monks wrote Illuminated Manuscripts. Illuminated Manuscripts are retellings of bible stories so they used many words like alter and psalm. These words then got sifted into the English language.? ?Oh!? said Pinocchio. ?But did Augustine ever convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity ?Yes they did.? replied Jimminy. ?But it was not an easy job. It

Artifacts and Technology essays

Artifacts and Technology essays An artifact is any object that was made by or altered by humans for some purpose or task. I personally think that all artifacts can be classified as technology. One article that I have found, entitled Analyzing the Past, talks about stone artifacts. These stone artifacts date back some 2.6 million years to the Stone Age. The people of this age forged these new items out of stone. This was something that had never been done before, so it was a new technology. Today, we may not consider this stone work as technology because we have become further advanced. These artifacts help us to better understand the way things were used and the way people lived in these past times. We of course cant talk to anybody that lived back then, so we have to use the technologies that we have today to help us to identify technologies that were used then. Many years from now, when people may possibly find artifacts at Ground Zero in New York City, will they classify this as technology? I think yes, even though the way they build their buildings in future times will more than likely be far more advanced, they will see that our people had become more advanced when those buildings were built than say the times when the Carlyle House in Alexandria, Virginia was built in 1752. The World Trade Centers had a new technological design that was to make them collapse in upon themselves if they were to ever fall. This technology held true when they did collapse. ...

11 Things You Should Put in a College Roommate Agreement

11 Things You Should Put in a College Roommate Agreement When you first move in with your college roommate (either in an apartment or in the residence halls), you may want- or have- to set up a roommate agreement or roommate contract. While not usually legally binding, roommate agreements are an excellent way to make sure that you and your college roommate are on the same page about the everyday details of living with someone else. And while they may seem like a pain to put together, roommate agreements are a smart idea. There are a variety of ways you can approach a roommate agreement. Many agreements come as a template and can provide you with general areas and suggested rules. In general, though, you should cover the following topics: 1. Sharing Is it okay to use each others stuff? If so, are some things off limits? What happens if something breaks? If both people are using the same printer, for example, who pays to replace the paper? The ink cartridges? The batteries? What happens if something gets broken or stolen on somebody elses watch? 2. Schedules What are your schedules like? Is one person a night owl? An early bird? And whats the process for someones schedule, especially in the morning and late at night? Do you want some quiet time when you get done with class after lunch? Or time to hang out with friends in the room? 3. Study Time When does each person study? How do they study? (Quietly? With music? With the TV on?) Alone? With headphones? With people in the room? What does each person need from the other to make sure they get adequate study time and can keep up in their classes? 4. Private Time Its college. You and/or your roommate might very well be dating someone - and want time alone with him or her. Whats the deal with getting time alone in the room? How much is OK? How much advance notice do you need to give a roommate? Are there times when its not OK (like finals week)? How will you let each other know when not to come in? 5. Borrowing, Taking or Replacing Something   Borrowing or taking something from your roommate is practically inevitable over the course of the year. So who pays for it? Are there rules about borrowing/taking? For example, its OK to eat some of my food as long as you leave some for me.   6. Space This may sound silly, but think - and talk - about space. Do you want your roommates friends hanging out on your bed while youre gone? At your desk? Do you like your space neat? Clean? Messy? How would you feel if your roommates clothes started sneaking over to your side of the room? 7. Visitors When is it OK to have people hanging out in the room? People staying over? How many people are OK? Think about when it would or wouldnt be all right to have others in your room. For example, is a quiet study group OK late at night, or should no one be allowed in the room after, say 1 a.m.? 8. Noise Do both of you like the default to be quiet in the room? Music? The TV on as background? What do you need to study? What do you need to sleep? Can someone use earplugs or headphones? How much noise is too much? 9. Food Can you eat each others food? Will you share? If so, who buys what? What happens if someone eats the last of an item? Who cleans it? What kinds of food are OK to keep in the room? 10. Alcohol   If youre under 21 and get caught with alcohol in the room, there can be problems. How do you feel about keeping alcohol in the room? If youre over 21, who buys the alcohol? When, if at all, is it OK to have people drinking in the room? 11. Clothes This ones a biggie for women. Can you borrow each others clothes? How much notice is needed? Who has to wash them? How often can you borrow things? What kinds of things cant be borrowed? If you and your roommate cant quite figure out where to get started or how to come to an agreement on many of these things, dont be afraid to talk to your RA or someone else to make sure things are clear from the beginning. Roommate relationships can be one of the highlights of college, so starting strongly from the beginning is a great way to eliminate problems in the future.

Creativity and Innovation Empowerment by the Right Leadership Essay

Creativity and Innovation Empowerment by the Right Leadership - Essay Example This means employers look for people who are creative, innovative and bring in fresh, original and imaginative ideas to boost their products and services. In fostering environments where creativity thrive, stronger overall businesses will emerge. However, the way in which a manager of employees can get optimum creativity from his workforce is not always clear. According to Periperl (2002), creating teams of people inspired by the spirit of creativity will enhance overall performance within a business. This study intends to find the common elements of managerial/ leadership styles that promote employee creativity and innovation in the work environment. Creativity and Innovation In many research studies, the terms creativity and innovation are often used interchangeably, however, there are noted differences between the two. Mumford & Gustafson (1988) contend that creativity has to do with the production of novel and useful ideas, and innovation has to do with the production or adoption of such useful ideas as well as its implementation (Kanter, 1988; Van de Ven, 1986). In any case, organizations need both to be successful in the achievement of its goals. Robinson (2011) contends that in order to maintain a competitive edge, creativity and innovation are necessary to generate new ideas for products and services. ... r, even if an individual has enough appropriate creative thinking skills and expertise, a high level of creativity will not be reached if he or she lacks the motivation to mobilize efforts to use such capabilities (Jung, 2001). A common phrase used referring to creativity is ‘thinking outside the box†. Notar & Padgett (2010) commented that very successful people never appear to have a â€Å"box† from which they ope rate. However, a box is something associated with something that confines one to a finite space. â€Å"Thinking outside the box† then means not thinking in a finite space but opening the minds out to infinite space with endless possibilities. Bernacki (2002) enumerates some attributes related to thinking outside the box as having a willingness to take new perspectives to day-to-day work. It also entails openness to do different things and to do things differently. Creative individuals focus on the value of finding new ideas and acting on them. The y strive to create value in new ways. Although they already have great ideas in mind, they still enjoy listening to others due to their perennial search for better ideas. Creative Cultures/Environments Amabile (1998) suggests that for leaders to foster creativity among their subordinates, they must establish an organizational environment wherein subordinates feel safe contributing their ideas and trying out innovative approaches without fear of punishment for failure. Transformational leaders stimulate their followers to think ‘out of the box’ by enhancing generative and exploratory thinking (Sosik et al., 1998). Such leaders push their followers to bravely think about old problems in new ways, to question their own values, traditions and beliefs, as well as the leader’s beliefs and assumptions (Bass, 1985;

Anna in the Tropics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anna in the Tropics - Essay Example However, tragedy occurs when Juan, a lector, gets romantically involved with one of the wives of the factory men. This causes resentment and hatred towards the lectors. To add salt to an injury, Cheche’s wife leaves him for one of the lectors (Cruz, 57). It is psychological war. The hero suffers because they have good looks and are more enlightened. â€Å"Our culture [civilization] demands other sacrifices besides that of sexual gratification† (Hegel qtd in Aiello slide 29).     Ã‚   According to Hegel, tragedy occurs when there is a collision between â€Å"two goods†. Both heroes, the â€Å"two goods† end up in tragedy. From the play, the opposing goods can be loosely interpreted as follows: The lectors are supposed to teach the workers to be literate, so that they can start working with the machines in the farms. As a result of love and the tragedies they created, the workers hate them. This means that relationship within them will be sore. The adoption of machines as suggested by Cheche is not a welcome move to the workers who feel that they will lose their jobs. Conchita’s beauty causes tragedy (Cruz, 36). She leaves her husband and sleeps with Marela’s husband. In revenge, Marela sleeps with Juan. Lovers are doomed, and this affects work at the factory.   The collision between â€Å"goods†-what was originally perceived to be good-and the real turn of events, causes the misfortune at the end of the play.